Susan Haigney

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The development and production of biologics can be a complex process. And the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals requires that processes be developed and validated so that product specifications can be met to create a safe and effective biologic drug. Steps can be taken at each stage of the development and manufacturing of biologics to ensure processes are optimized for the best results.

Sponsor companies often look to contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) to help with process development of these products. The following article provides advice and insight from experts and bio/pharma CDMOs on how process development can be optimized.

A scalable production system is necessary when considering how to optimize upstream processes, according to Daniel Giroux, vice-president of Biologics Development at Abzena. Typical large-scale systems range from using 500- to 2000-L bioreactors, and the scale can prevent experiments. “If you have a single, 2000-L reactor, you can’t run multiple experiments for optimization,” says Giroux. A small-scale system will be needed in which growth and production parameters of the larger-scale system can be reproduced.

After the small-scale model is created, a design-of-experiment (DoE) approach can be used to identify parameters that may impact the titer or the product quality. “You create a statistical experiment where you’re varying those parameters in combination and singly. And then you execute that experiment in parallel bioreactor systems, so a small-scale reactor where you have many of them,” Giroux explains. Statistical tools can then be used to pull data from DoEs and models to optimize input parameters to achieve maximal titers.

Process intensification is another approach Giroux points to, where higher cell densities are used at inoculation to increase the area under the cell density versus culture time curve. “You want your cell density to be high for a longer period of time,” Giroux says. “And by starting at a higher cell density, it lets you do that, and you basically get 50 to 100% more titer in an intensified fed batch process. That means, though, that you have to develop a perfusion process for your penultimate reactor, your last seed reactor, so that you can actually have enough cells to inoculate your production systems at these higher densities.”

According to Paul Mugford, director, Biologics Process Development at BIOVECTRA, media optimization is an important part of upstream processing, especially in microbial fermentation. Media should be formulated to support optimal growth and productivity of the microorganism, says Mugford, which includes optimizing carbon and nitrogen sources, trace metals, vitamins, and other supplements. “All media components, of course, have to be animal free,” says Mugford. “And we also choose to start our process development with representative materials that will be used at large scale. These are raw materials that meet all the required GMP [good manufacturing practice] requirements, so there’s no issues transferring from small to large scale with respect to materials.”

Other areas that can be optimized are process parameters such as temperature(s), pH, dissolved oxygen, and feed rates. These can be optimized using DoE, Mugford points out. Early screening of equipment is used for initial optimization with shake flasks or higher throughput microtiter plate format.

“Once the initial screening is done, we would then move into our smallest fermenters, which are the Amber250 parallel reactor system, or our Dagsip system, where each one of those systems can run eight fermentations in parallel for further optimization of media and feeding,” explains Mugford. “And our goal here is to maximize the growth and also the productivity, so we monitor the process extensively for the carbon source (glucose or glycerol), acetate, ammonia, CO

, and use [these] data for further optimization. After that, we’d move into our larger fermenters, such as the 10-L and 50-L fermentor before scale up.”

When looking at viral-vector-based gene therapy products, larger and better-quality virus yields can be the result of optimizing upstream processes. “In cell therapy, the key is to scale up to gain higher cell yields while still maintaining the cell morphology and the genetic stability of the cells, so that it’s the same at small scale and large scale,” says Bob Schrock, PhD, senior director, Global Head of Process Development, at Lonza Group AG.

“And [for] viral vectors, keeping [the cells] happy and in culture[s] at bigger scales, larger scales, maintaining that all important yield of the number of virus per cell, [and] making sure that that stays similar the bigger, the larger and larger vessels you go up to, [is important],” Schrock explains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI), plasmid ratios, transduction amounts, and when to harvest after transduction are other parameters that need to be taken into consideration for viral vectors, says Schrock.

Passage number studies are also important. “Cells can change after multiple passages, and that can introduce variability into your process,” stresses Schrock. “So, you want to make sure that the conclusions you reached within a cell passage of 50 are the same as it is at a cell passage of 100 or whatever constraints you put in there for your minimum and maximum cell passage numbers. So, you don’t want to forget to do that as well to make sure that your process can handle cells at a variety of different passage numbers.”

Optimization of process development for cell culture is dependent on the type of product being produced, according to Schrock. Scale and purity are two important factors to consider as well if the product is cell based or single cell.

To optimize a cell culture process, the parameters that need to be optimized must be defined, says Giroux, either titer, product quality, or both. In addition, assays should be in place to identify target product quality parameters. “Typically, for product quality, we’re looking at glycosylation patterns on proteins to make sure that they are correct, or in the case of a biosimilar, that they match the originator,” Giroux says. One must then vary input parameters, both individually and in combination, and then measure their effect on productivity and product quality.

When it comes to performing process studies for cell culture, Giroux says parameters that vary in DoE studies include choice of basal medium and concentrated feeds. For fed-batch processes, parameters include choice of additives and trace elements, cush as minerals, trace metals, vitamins, anti-foam and anti-clumping agents, and surfactants.

“We then also vary or look at temperature, especially shifting the temperature. So, we typically start our productions at 37 degrees, or 36 and a half. But sometimes you get better productivity in a longer culture duration if you reduce the temperature part-way into the run to perhaps 32 degrees or 34 degrees,” explains Giroux. “But we could study that the effect of pH on productivity is assessed as well [as] agitation, and then again, [at the start] cell density can have an impact, and that’s whether it be an intensified process or not. Sometimes there’s an optimal cell density even at non frame, non-intensified process.”

“So, those are the types of parameters that we’re studying, but we generally [are] studying them in these design of experiments approaches where we can vary them in combinatorial fashion and understand the effects of the parameters individually, but also in combination with the other parameters,” Giroux continues. “So, for example, if a parameter affects your cell density, you may need higher feeds. So, a parameter that you know can’t be optimized by itself [has] to be optimized as a family.”

Schrock says it’s important to close open manual process steps to reduce contamination risks and the cost of production by reducing the required grade of the GMP production clean room (i.e., grade C cleanrooms are cheaper to maintain than grade B). Process automation for equipment and perfusion is also important, says Schrock.

“One really great example of this is the Lonza Cocoon Instrument. This is both a functionally closed system as well as automated system for manufacture of autologous cell therapies. This is a really good example of doing both automation as well as closing the process. Once you have a closed process, you move to optimizing parameters … things like pH, dissolved oxygen, agitation, speeds, gasses, and even temperatures, sometimes in certain viral vector types,” Schrock concludes.

Quality considerations, such as regulatory guideline requirements and critical quality attributes, play a role in the design and optimization of fermentation processes, according to Mugford. First, one should decide on which microbial strain to use, depending on what type of product is being produced, because each biologic has unique strain requirements. According to Mugford, engineered Escherichia coli (E. Coli) strains provide optimal performance for recombinant proteins or plasmid DNA.

“Considerations in strain selection include the protein solubility, whether or not you get correct folding, the expression location, [and] if the target protein is in the cytoplasm or the periplasm,” says Mugford. “And there’s also modified strains that allow to correct for any codon bias or disulfide bond formation. So, selecting the appropriate strain is important up front.”

The design of the plasmid is also important for protein production, says Mugford, specifically selection of the promoter to tightly control expression of genes that encode proteins. Productivity can also be improved by codon optimization of the gene of interest and removing non-essential plasmid elements, according to Mugford. “And also, you may want tunable expression in cases where inclusion bodies are formed for the protein. [Y]ou may want to express the protein slower to minimize inclusion body formation.”

Plasmid DNA products have other challenges that require attention paid to strain selection, and plasmid design, according to Mugford. Plasmid stability can be enhanced, and endonuclease activity can be reduced due to the mutations E. coli strains designed for plasmids production. A high copy number plasmid is therefore used to maximize productivity. Mugford recommends the use of a fragment analyzer to assess clones in order to select the most appropriate to produce high-quality plasmid DNA.

“One of the challenges we’ve seen in the plasmid DNA area is when you have repetitive elements in the plasmid,” says Mugford. “Long poly(A) tails are quite common in plasmids destined for in-vitro transcription to make mRNA [messenger RNA]-based therapeutics like the COVID vaccines. Long poly(A) tails are prone to recombination events, and this can give some plasmid instability and shorten the length of the poly(A) tail leading to different length products. That affects the integrity of the plasmid. An efficient clone selection process for plasmid DNA can identify clones with a single, correct length polyA tail. Another important quality parameter in plasmid DNA is the super cooling, which is an indication of how much damage has been done to the plasmid.”

The next step in optimization of microbial fermentation is setting the fermentation parameters, such as media optimization, feed rates, and other setting to ensure scalability, says Mugford. Small-scale production needs to be able to transfer to large-scale parameters.

“[A]t the early development scale, our smallest fermentors are the 250-mL Amber fermentors for condition screening. These increase to fermentors in the 10 to 50-L range in process development, and [then up to] 200-L scale at the pilot stage. At the manufacturing scale, we can scale up to our 100-L and 1000-L single-use fermentors, or our 3000-L and two, 17,000 -L stainless-steel fermentors for microbial fermentation. To go from the smallest scale to the largest scale, one of the most important parameters is the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa). Our chemical engineers have developed models to scale up and down while reproducing the same growth rates, and providing consistent results across scales.”

Mugford recommends single-use fermenters for their ability to quickly transition between products and reducing cleaning and testing. He also points to heat transfer as an important parameter for scale up, specifically during aggressive microbial growth. “With rapid growth in E. coli, there’s a lot of heat produced. [U]nderstanding the oxygen transfer rate for the fermenters and the cooling capacities is important when moving from small to large scale,” Mugford says. “[T]here are a lot of scale-independent parameters that can also be evaluated directly using DoE at the process development [stage].”

One way to harvest cells in a bioreactor, according to Giroux, is to use depth filtration, which involves a multi-stage depth filter followed by membrane filters that remove the cells. Large surface areas are required; therefore, producing a lot of waste. “Especially at the large scale, they’re troublesome to install and remove and so on. So, the setup time is difficult to remove,” Giroux warns. He points to continuous centrifugation as a better approach, which often uses a single-use disk stack centrifuge to extract the cells and dense components from the media.

“[We] don’t lose very much of the liquid itself [with continuous centrifugation]. So, you get a pretty thick slurry of cells that comes out. It might be 80% cell mass and about 20% media,” says Giroux. “For example, if you had 8% packed cell volume in your reactor, you could basically remove only 2%; you’d remove your 8% cells and then 2% of the media. So, your yield would actually be very high. You generally follow that with a very small area depth filter, sometimes even a specialized depth filter that’s designed to remove any additional cells. These filters can be slightly charged, and they help to remove debris as well.”

Choosing the correct scale-down equipment is important at process scale so that representative material is generated for filtration, inclusion body refolding, and downstream processing steps, says Mugford. For harvesting recombinant protein in E. coli, disc stack centrifuges are often used. A key parameter used in centrifuge scaling and performance evaluation is the Q/Sigma factor, which represents the flowrate (Q) and the sigma factor (Σ), according to Mugford. “This represents the relationship between the flow rate Q to the sigma factor, which is the equivalent settling area for a given centrifuge,” he says. “It’s a fixed number for each type of centrifuge, from small to large scale, and we find this is the most reliable parameter for scaling the centrifuge harvest.”

“To optimize this step, you would typically look at the percent solids in the input, the flow rate and discharge interval, and the bowl safety factor,” Mugford explains. “Those are important parameters and measurements. And you would monitor the turbidity of the centrate as a key metric of how well the clarification is going. The percent solids is a key metric if they will be carried forward, as in cases where the product is located within the cells.”

Because plasmid DNA is sensitive to shear, it requires a different approach for harvesting. During the discharges of the centrifuge, some damage can occur to the plasmid DNA, resulting in a reduced percentage supercoiling, stresses Mugford. He points to tangential flow filtration (TFF) as a better approach for plasmid DNA harvesting. Mugford says that optimizing the TFF requires selecting the appropriate cassette type (the micron/molecular weight size of the cassette).

“Typically, you would use an open channel cassette. You need to determine the loading, so liters per meter squared for the cassette and the flux rate,” says Mugford. “So, an advantage of the TFF harvest is that the cells can be washed during filtration, so this removes any spent media and some other impurities, which gives you a cleaner product into downstream processing. After this, you would typically go into clarification with a series of depth filters followed by cell lysis. For the lysis of cells containing proteins, you would typically use a high-pressure homogenization. Because plasmid DNA is shear sensitive, we developed a different method [in collaboration with Sartorius], using a chemical lysis in a continuous flow reactor to give a mild lysis and preserve quality through the midstream steps, allowing us to extract the plasmid DNA without doing any damage to it.”

The complex nature of biologics development and product offers a variety of ways in which companies can maximize their efforts and produce safe and effective medications. CDMOs and other contract organizations can provide sponsor companies with the expertise and infrastructure to streamline these complex processes. Planning ahead and using the correct parameters and approaches can ensure a cost-effective process.

®
Vol. 49, No. 1
January/February 2025
Pages: 31–33

When referring to this article, please cite it as Haigney, S. Steps to Process Development Optimization. 

Articles

The optimization of processes for the development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals is pivotal for producing quality products. 

Steps to Process Development Optimization

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Alvogen announced on Jan. 31, 2025 that it is voluntarily recalling one lot of Fentanyl Transdermal System 25 mcg/h transdermal patches because of the potential of multi-stacked patches. It is possible the patches, which were manufactured by Kindeva Drug Delivery, are adhered one on top of the other in a single product pouch. The recalled lot, Lot 108319, 25 mcg/h, has an expiration date of 04/2027 and was distributed nationwide (1).

Fentanyl Transdermal System 25 mcg/h transdermal patches are used to manage severe and persistent pain in opioid-tolerant patients for an extended treatment period with a daily opioid analgesic, and for patients who don’t respond well enough to alternative treatment options. According to Alvogen, application of multi-stacked patches could cause serious or fatal respiratory depression, especially in first-time recipients, children, and the elderly.

While the company has not received any reports of adverse events related to the recalled product, as of the date of the press release, adverse events can be reported to FDA via its 

MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program.

Final inspection of a product is essential in reducing recalls and ensuring the safety of drug products. In an episode of 

 series, Dirk Margosch, vice president Visual Inspection, Assembly & Secondary Packaging at Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co KG, 

 to mitigate risk in future batches of vials during secondary packaging after defective units have been found during an inspection (2). A thorough investigation should be performed to discover the root cause of the defects to prevent future occurrences.

“This [investigation] should involve reviewing all processes related to production. That means aseptic filling, visual inspection, assembly and secondary packaging, of course, always including the relevant packaging components. And then second, define the right preventive action, if the investigation comes, for example, to the conclusion that the defective vials were already present after the filling,” says Margosch.

Recalls are a factor in drug shortages, which can lead to patients not getting the medicines they need. Both FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have initiatives to monitor drug shortages that require manufacturers to provide information to regulators about things like product recalls and quality problems that might impact the availability of a drug. In January 2025, EMA announced the European Shortages Monitoring Platform is fully functional. This tool was created for marketing authorization holders and national competent authorities to directly report information about the supply, demand, and availability of authorized medicines to EMA during crises situations (3).

FDA. Alvogen Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall for One Lot of Fentanyl Transdermal System 25 mcg/h Due to a Defective Delivery System. Press Release. Jan. 31, 2024.

Haigney, S. and Thomas, F. Ask the Expert: Product Inspection, Part One; Risk Mitigation in Secondary Packaging. 

https://www.pharmtech.com/view/ask-the-expert-product-inspection-part-one-risk-mitigation-in-secondary-packaging

EMA. European Shortages Monitoring Platform Fully Operational for Monitoring of Shortages in the EU. Press Release. Jan. 29, 2025.

The company is recalling one lot of Fentanyl Transdermal System 25 mcg/h transdermal patches because of possible multi-stacking of patches.

Alvogen Recalls Fentanyl Transdermal System

Sustainability in Inhalation and Small-Molecule Drugs

Sustainability and green manufacturing are becoming priorities for the pharmaceutical industry due to evolving and changing regulations to protect both the environment and patients. 

spoke with Andy Burns, vice president, MDI Business Development at Kindeva, about how these developing and complex requirements are impacting contract development and manufacturing organizations. Speaking specifically about the respiratory drug business that he works in, Burns feels there is a revolution happening because of the evolving regulatory changes pertaining to sustainability in the pharma industry.

“We are developing products on behalf of clients where they are looking for more environmentally friendly options, not just through choice, but actually because legislation is dictating their transition needs to happen. So, part of our service is to work with clients, work with our equipment, our research and development people who are experts in this field to produce more environmentally friendly options. For example, European legislation is dictating that phasedown of current products. It will start in 2027 and will finish in 2029. So that's a three-year phasedown period, and beyond that, the usage of existing propellants within metered dose inhalers is going to be limited to a fraction of what it is now. So [they will] still be allowed, but at very, very small volumes. So, we're seeing a big switchover for a lot of companies who are looking to lifecycle manage their existing portfolios, their existing franchises, by reformulating products with new propellants,” says Burns.

Click the video above to watch the interview.

Andy Burns, vice president, MDI Business Development at Kindeva

Andy Burns, vice president, MDI Business Development at Kindeva.

Videos

Pharmaceutical Technology® spoke with Andy Burns, vice president, MDI Business Development at Kindeva, about how sustainability requirements are impacting contract development and manufacturing organizations, specifically for the development and manufacture of inhalation drugs. 

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) announced on Jan. 29, 2025 that the European Shortages Monitoring Platform (ESMP) now has full functionality (1). ESMP was created so that marketing authorization holders (MAHs) and national competent authorities (NCAs) can directly report information about the supply, demand, and availability of authorized medicines, especially during crises situations. The information can then be used by EMA’s Executive Steering Group on Shortages and Safety of Medicinal Products (MSSG). EMA launched the platform in November 2024 (2) with core functionalities available at the time. On Feb. 2, 2025, use of ESMP becomes mandatory for MAHs and NCAs.

ESMP features monitoring and management of critical medicines during public health emergencies and is a requirement of EMA’s mandate to enhance monitoring of drug shortages and prepare for critical situations in the European Union and the European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The platform features harmonized reporting standards to enhance usability of data to allow the EU/EEA to quickly coordinate actions to mitigate drug shortages.

Training on the platform is available through webinars and information provided on EMA’s website. EMA’s Medicine Shortages Single Point of Contact (SPOC) Working Party provides additional information in its webpage (3). Information about drug shortages in the EU is available 

on EMA’s shortages catalogue and national shortages catalogues

“The release of the ESMP is a major milestone in the effort to tackle medicine shortages and ensure that medicines are available to patients when and where they need them most,” the agency stated in the November 2024 press release (2). “It will centralize and automate data collection on medicine shortages, giving regulatory authorities access to real-time, comprehensive information to improve the prevention, monitoring, and management of medicine shortages across the [EU and EEA].”

The industry often experiences drug shortages due to quality control issues, natural disasters, and periods of high demand. According to FDA in the United States, the leading causes of shortages are manufacturing quality issues, followed by delays in receiving materials from suppliers (5). Drug companies in the US have been required since 2012 to notify FDA about changes in product production of certain medicines to prevent shortages. And in 2024, FDA’s ability to identify and mitigate such shortages was enhanced by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), which says that manufacturers must notify the agency of a permanent discontinuation of these crucial products, interruption of manufacture of these products, permanent discontinue of an API used in these products, and interruption of APIs used in these products (5).

EMA. European Shortages Monitoring Platform fully operational for monitoring of shortages in the EU. Press Release. Jan. 29, 2025.

EMA. European Shortages Monitoring Platform Enables Better Monitoring of Shortages in the EU. Press Release. Nov. 28, 2024.

EMA. Medicine Shortages Single Point of Contact (SPOC) Working Party. 

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/committees/working-parties-other-groups/medicines-shortages-single-point-contact-spoc-working-party

EMA. Public Information on Medicine Shortages. 

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/post-authorisation/medicine-shortages-availability-issues/public-information-medicine-shortages

FDA. Frequently Asked Questions about Drug Shortages. 

, Dec. 18, 2024 (accessed Jan. 29, 2025). 

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-shortages/frequently-asked-questions-about-drug-shortages

The platform is live with full functionality for use by marketing authorization holders and national competent authorities to report drug supply information.

European Drug Shortage Monitoring Platform Fully Operational

Sustainability in Pharmaceutical Outsourcing

The pharmaceutical industry has a significant impact on the environment that includes CO

 emissions, water consumption, use of plastics, and a variety of manufacturing practices (1). Therefore, sustainability and green manufacturing are becoming priorities for the pharmaceutical industry due to evolving and changing regulations to protect both the environment and patients. 

spoke with Saharsh Davuluri, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, Neuland Laboratories, to see how the push to sustainability is impacting contract manufacturers as they work with sponsors on the development and manufacture of drugs and biologics in a sustainable fashion that aligns with industry and regulatory requirements.

“Sponsors are increasingly requiring sustainable or green manufacturing practices when negotiating for partnerships with Neuland,” says Davuluri. “I think this trend is also kind of aligned with the broader industry shift towards sustainability … we are seeing that a lot of these companies are having their own approach on or their own frameworks in what they would like to measure their partners with. This is not just about Europe versus US, but also within a particular geography, every company has a different approach. Earlier, we used to see only big pharma or large generic companies having particular requirements. But now we're even seeing a lot of small to mid-sized biotechs talking to us and measuring us on our sustainability related practices as well.”

1. Di Russo, M.; Zjalic, D.; Lombardi, G.S.; Perilli, A.; Congedo, G.; Daugbjerg, S.; Cadeddu, C. Impact of the 50 Biggest Pharma Companies: A Review of Environmental Report Aspiring to NetZero. 

https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1182

Saharsh Davuluri is Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, Neuland Laboratories. Saharsh is an electrical engineering graduate and obtained his master’s in management information systems from Weatherhead School of Management, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He also secured Master of Business Administration from University of North Carolina, USA. He has worked in the past with Sify Limited in various roles in the Sales organization. He joined Neuland in 2007, with responsibility for initiating the Custom Manufacturing Solutions (CMS) business. He is currently responsible for all marketing, information technology (IT), and business development activities along with oversight of R&D.

Pharmaceutical Technology® spoke with Saharsh Davuluri, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, Neuland Laboratories, to see how the push to sustainability is impacting contract manufacturers. 

Provepharm announced on Jan. 24, 2025 that it has voluntarily recalled one lot of Phenylephrine hydrochloride Injection, USP, 10 mg/mL (Pharmacy Bulk Package) because a customer found a visible black particulate matter in a single-sealed vial. The recalled product is packaged in 10 mL, single-dose vials with national drug code 81284-213-01, lot number 24020027, and an expiration date of December 2025. It was distributed nationwide in the United States.

Phenylephrine hydrochloride Injection is used to treat hypotension resulting from vasodilation in the setting of anesthesia. Injecting product that contains particulates may cause local irritation and swelling.

“If the particulate matter enters the blood vessels, it can travel to various organs and potentially blocking blood vessels in the heart, lungs or brain, leading to serious complications such as stroke or even death,” the company stated in the press release (1).

The company advised wholesalers, distributors, compounders, and hospitals to immediately stop using the product and return it to Provepharm’s recall provider, Sedgwick. While the company states it has not yet received any reports of adverse events associated with the recall, these events may be reported to FDA via the agency’s MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program.

Packaging problems, such as particulates and defective vials, are a common cause of product recalls. These recalls can be hazardous to the health of patients but can also be expensive for companies to resolve and prevent. In September 2024, Gilead recalled one lot of Veklury (remdesivir) for Injection 100 mg/vial after a customer complaint of a glass particle found in a vial. An investigation performed by the company confirmed the presence of the glass particulate. While at the time of the recall the company had not received reports of any adverse events associated with the recall, if administered, the glass particulate could travel to organs and blood vessels, causing stroke or death.

, Dirk Margosch, vice president visual inspection, Assembly & Secondary Packaging at Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co KG, discussed steps that can be taken to mitigate risk in future batches of vials during secondary packaging after defective units have been found during an inspection (3). A thorough investigation should be performed to discover the root cause of the defects to prevent future occurrences, according to Margosch.

FDA. Provepharm Inc. Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of One Lot of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection, USP, 10 mg/mL (Pharmacy Bulk Package) Due to Presence of Particulate Matter. Press Release. 

https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/provepharm-inc-issues-voluntary-nationwide-recall-one-lot-phenylephrine-hydrochloride-injection-usp

FDA. Gilead Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of One Lot of Veklury (Remdesivir) for Injection 100 mg/vial Due to the Presence of a Glass Particle. Press Release. 

One lot of Phenylephrine hydrochloride Injection, USP, 10 mg/mL is being recalled due to particulate matter found in a vial.