Pradeep R. Vavia is Professor of Pharmaceutics at the University Institute of Chemical Technology.

Pradeep R. Vavia

Furosemide (FUR) is a high-loop diuretic widely used for the treatment of conditions leading to excessive accumulation of water in the body (edema), which are normally associated with cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure, infarction and hypertension. It has been reported that FUR has a bioavailability problem and initially shows an adverse temporary peak diuretic effect.

  To eliminate this, various efforts have been made to develop prolonged-release forms of FUR; however, it has been reported that the bioavailability of such preparations decreases to 40–60% compared with conventional tablet forms.

Although it has not been demonstrated for humans, animal studies of bioavailability have shown that there may be regions in the stomach and/or the upper part of the small intestine where FUR is specifically absorbed; the short stay of controlled release preparations in this specific region of absorption leads to bioavailability problems.

  Accordingly, developing a floating dosage form with a controlled release pattern aimed at prolonging the residence of FUR at the site of maximum absorption (upper gastro intestinal tract (GIT)) has been proposed as an option for improving bioavailability and, at the same time, reducing the side effect of peak diuresis associated with conventional formulations.

  However, formulating a gastro-retentive dosage form of FUR poses a great challenge because of FUR's insufficient aqueous solubility in acidic mediums (pH 1.2), which may be considered the rate-limiting step in the absorption process.

The present work was conducted to develop a novel floating dosage form of FUR to enhance its solubility by formulating a self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of FUR, followed by its adsorption onto a mixture of high functionality excipient (SMCC), matrix forming polymers (HPMC K4M and HPMC E50 LV) and a gas-generating agent (NaHCO

) to achieve a buoyant matrix with a controlled release profile. 

 FUR was obtained from Aarti drugs (India). The following materials were donated by Gattefosse (India) and were used as received: Labrafac CM10 (C8‑C10 polyglycolized glycerides), Masine 35-1 (Glyceryl momolinoleate), Lauroglycol FCC (Propylene glycol laurate), Labrafil 1944 CS (Apricot kernel oil PEG 6 esters) and Labrafac PG (Propylene glycol caprylate/caprate). Cremophor RH 40 (Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil), Cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil) and Solutol HS 15 (Polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid) were obtained from BASF (India). Gelucire 44/14 (PEG‑32 glyceryl laurate), 50/13 (PEG‑32 glyceryl palmistearate) and Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate) were received from Colorcon Asia (India). Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate), PEG 400 and sodium bicarbonate were bought from Merck Co (India). Silicised microscrystalline cellulose ProSolv SMCC was received from DMV International (India). Grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M and HPMC E50 LV) were received as gift samples from Colorcon Asia. Deionised water was prepared using a Milli‑Q purification system from Millipore (France).

Acetonitrile and methanol used in the study were of HPLC grade. All other chemicals were reagent grade. Empty hard gelatin capsule shells were donated by ACG capsules (India).

The solubility of FUR in various components (oils, surfactants and cosurfactants) was determined and 500 mg of each of the selected vehicles were added to each cap vial containing an excess of FUR (1 g). After sealing, the mixture was heated at 40 °C in a water bath to facilitate solubilisation. Mixing of the systems was conducted using a vortex mixer and the formed suspensions were then shaken with a shaker at 25 °C for 48 h. After reaching equilibrium, each vial was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min and excess insoluble FUR was discarded by filtration using a membrane filter (0.45 µm, 13 mm; Whatman, USA). The concentration of FUR was then quantified using HPLC. 

The pseudo‑ternary phase diagrams of oil, surfactant/cosurfactant (S/CoS) and water were developed using the water titration method; the mixtures of oil and S/CoS at certain weight ratios were diluted with water in a dropwise manner. For each phase, diagrams at a specific ratio of S/CoS, 1:1 and 3:1 (w/w), a transparent and homogenous mixture of oil and S/CoS was formed under the mixing by vortexing for 5 min. Each mixture was then titrated with water and visually observed for phase clarity and flowability. The concentrations of water at which turbidity‑to‑transparency and transparency‑to‑turbidity transitions occurred were derived from the weight measurements, and these values were then used to determine the boundaries of the microemulsion domain, corresponding to the chosen value of oils, as well as the S/CoS mixing ratio. The effect of adding triacetin to oil phase‑on‑phase behaviour of the mixture was also studied. To determine the effect of drug addition on microemulsion boundary, phase diagrams were also constructed in drug presence, wherein the oil component was enriched with the drug. Phase diagrams were then constructed using Tri plot v1‑4 software.

SMEDDS were prepared using Tween 80 and PEG 400 as the S/CoS combination, and Labrafac Hydro WL (with 40% triacetin) as the oil component (

). In all formulations, the level of FUR was kept constant (10% (w/w) of the total formulation weight). Briefly, accurately weighed FUR was placed in a glass vial followed by the addition of oil and S/CoS, and the components were then mixed by gentle stirring and vortex mixing, and heated at 40 °C using a magnetic stirrer until the FUR was perfectly dissolved. The formulations were then subjected to three to four freeze thaw cycles, which included freezing at –4 °C for 24 h, followed by thawing at 40 °C for 24 h. The formulations were then observed for phase separation. Only formulations that were stable to phase separation were selected for further studies.  

SMEDDS formulation (100 µl) was diluted to 250 mL in a beaker and gently mixed using a glass rod. The resultant emulsion was then subjected to particle size analysis, using a Malvern Meta‑sizer equipped with 2000 Hydro MU (Malvern, India] with a particle size measurement range of 0.02–2000 µm. Particle size was calculated from the volume size distribution and all studies were repeated in triplicate, with good agreement being found between measurements.

The evaluation of self‑emulsifying properties was conducted using visual assessment, as previously reported.

 In brief, visual assessment was performed by drop‑wise addition of the preconcentrate (SMEDDS) into 250 mL distilled water. This was done in a glass beaker at room temperature and the contents were gently stirred magnetically at approximately 100 rpm. Compositions were then categorised on speed of emulsification, clarity and apparent stability of the resultant emulsion.

 release test was performed in 900 mL of buffer pH 1.2, using USP XXIII Type 1 apparatus, at 37 +/- 0.5 °C. The basket shafts were rotated at 50 rpm. The SMEDDS formulation was filled in hard gelatin capsules (1 size) and used for drug release studies to compared with plain FUR. During the release studies, 5 mL sample of medium was taken out and subjected to drug analysis using HPLC. The removed volume was replaced each time with fresh buffer pH 1.2. For determining the 

 dissolution of plain FUR, the medium was changed to 900 mL of buffer pH 1.2 with Tween 80 (equivalent to the amount used in formulation). Similarly, dissolution studies were also conducted in other mediums (buffer pH 4.5 and 7.2) to observe the effect of pH on drug release.

FUR concentration in the samples was determined by HPLC analysis. The HPLC analysis system consisted of Jasco PU 980 Intelligent pump (Jasco Pumps, India) and Jasco MD‑2015 plus multi‑wavelength detector. The chromatographic column was a C‑18 Lichrosphere 10RP-18e (5 µm) 4.6 mm x 250 mm (Merck, India). The chromatographic conditions were: 

mobile phase: methanol: 0.01 M KH2PO4 (37:63)

detection at 274 nm and retention time 9.0 +/- 9.5 min. 

linearity (range = 5–30 µg/mL, coefficient of correlation = 0.9999)

Various components were screened based on their efficiency of adsorption and flow properties. The adsorption efficiency was determined by mixing the individual components with SMEDDS in 1:1 w/w ratio and evaluating the characteristics. The SMEDDS adsorbed mixtures were evaluated for angle of repose,

Twenty three full factorial design was employed to optimise the quantity of components required for formulation with desired floating duration and drug release characteristics. The ratio of HPMC E50 LV and HPMC K4M, amount of NaHCO

 and amount of SMCC were selected as independent variables X

) were chosen as the dependent variables. In this design, the three independent factors were evaluated at two levels and experimental trials were performed at all possible combinations. For accuracy, experiments were conducted in duplicate.  

Batches for experimental trials were prepared and evaluated for floating duration and dissolution studies. Drug release pattern with constant release during a period of 8 h was selected as reference and the floating duration of 8 h was selected as the required parameter. The dissolution fit factor was calculated by evaluating the inter-relationship of release pattern of each developed formulation with the reference release pattern using the Moore equation (

The nonlinear computer-generated quadratic model is given in 

, where Y is the measured response associated with each factor level combination; b

 are regression coefficients computed from the observed experimental values of Y; and X

 are the coded levels of independent variables. The terms X

  (i = 1, 2 or 3) represent the interaction and quadratic terms, respectively. Statistical evaluation of the effects of factors on the performance of dosage form was studied by applying one-way analysis of variance at 0.05 level, using MINITABS 15 software (Minitab Ltd, UK). F-statistic was applied to obtain a reduced equation by neglecting non-significant (p > 0.05) terms.  

Preparation and evaluation of floating drug delivery system

The matrix based gas generating floating drug delivery system was developed by adsorbing the SMEDDS formulation on to the required amount of powder mixture, which comprised HPMC polymers, SMCC and NaHCO

. The amounts required were optimised based on the results obtained from factorial design. Formulation was filled into a hard gelatin capsule (0 size) for further evaluation using a manual capsule filling machine (GMP model; Grovers International, India). Capsule size (0) was selected to limit the volume capacity to achieve a compact fill in the capsule. 

 floating time was determined in both pH 1.2 (fasted state) and pH 4 (fed state) in both stagnant and disturbed (under magnetic stirring) conditions using a magnetic stirrer at 50 rpm. Capsules were placed in 250 mL of medium and observed for floating duration.  

 dissolution study was conducted using USPXXIII type I apparatus in 900 mL of medium (pH 1.2 and pH 4.0). Formulations were subjected to a dissolution rate test for 8 h and the amount of active released was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 274 nm using a Jasco 530 S Spectrophotometer (Jasco, Japan). The dissolution release data were then analysed using various models (Zero order, First order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer & Peppas, Hixon Crowell and Weibull),

  and the results were utilised to explain the mechanism of the release of active material from the formulation. 

To check the stability of the developed formulation, the optimised batch was subjected to stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The samples were stored in stability chambers (Thermolab, India) and stability data were collected over a period of 12 months for long-term study (25 °C/60% RH) and 6 months for accelerated conditions (30 °C/65% RH and 40 °C/75% RH). 

One important consideration when formulating a self emulsifying formulation is to avoid precipitation of drug 

  The prerequisite for this is that the components used in the system should have a high solubilisation capacity for drug, ensuring the solubilisation of drug in resultant dispersion.

  Among all the oils tried in the study, Labrafac Hydro WL showed the highest solubilisation capacity for FUR (61.2% w/w). Tween 80 and PEG 400 also showed good solubilisation (79.9% and 68.7% w/w, respectively) and thus were selected as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. Triacetin showed the highest solubilisation (82.1% w/w) among all the components tried and was, thus, included in the formulation as a cosolvent.  

In the present study, Labrafac was tested for ternary diagram studies with Tween 80 and PEG 400 as S/CoS mixture in the presence of triacetin (20% and 40%). As seen from the ternary plot (

), the microemulsion existence area increases with the increasing ratio of S/CoS mixtures with wider area for 3:1, compared with 1:1 w/w S/CoS. Increasing the triacetin concentration in the formulation resulted in a wider microemulsion existence field compared with combinations containing no or lower amounts of triacetin. Thus, it could be assumed that triacetin showed some co-surfactant property. Further, it was found that the inclusion of drug narrowed the microemulsion existence area, which can be attributed to the inclusion of drug in lipid phase leading to increased droplet size and, consequently, the requirement of a higher amount of S/CoS for stabilisation.  

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