Susan J. Schniepp is a fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc. and a member of Pharmaceutical Technology's Editorial Advisory Board.

Susan J. Schniepp

Q. Theoretically, what’s the primary focus of quality assurance (QA) vs. the primary focus of quality control (QC)?

A. The short, simple answer to this question is that QA focuses primarily on the process and QC focuses primarily on the product. However, I don’t think the short, simple answer is adequate, because while the focus of these disciplines may be different, their goal is the same: to ensure that the product produced is safe and effective. QA concentrates on monitoring and perfecting the manufacturing process. This function is considered proactive because the activities and actions associated with QA try to deal with issues before product quality is compromised. In contrast, QC concentrates on testing the product after manufacturing to ensure it meets the acceptable quality product criteria and specifications, making QC more reactive in nature.

I think it is important to recognize and explore that, at times, QC is proactive, and QA is reactive. QA can adopt a reactive role when dealing with a deviation that occurred during manufacturing, especially if the deviation segues into an investigation. Deviations and investigations are reactions to mistakes made during manufacturing, thus putting QA in a reactive position. QC can adopt a proactive role, especially if the QA department is involved in in-process testing or incoming raw material testing because of the potential for out-of-specification (OOS) investigations.

OOS investigations are initiated by the QC test laboratory when the active ingredient, excipients, or the product fails to meet specification. When the OOS is initiated because of an aberrant result from an in-process product test, the laboratory is in a proactive position because their goal is to determine whether the OOS is due to a laboratory error in testing. If the OOS is determined not to be the result of a laboratory error, then the information needs to be communicated quickly to QA so they can investigate the potential that the OOS was due to a processing error, ideally before the manufacturing run is completed.

The bottom line is that QA and QC perform complementary tasks with the same goal of ensuring patient safety/product quality regardless of their point of reference (product vs. process).

Q. Does the QC department report into the QA department?

A. The current thinking is that the QC and QA departments should report independently to the head of Quality. This makes sense and maintains a check and balance approach to ensuring product quality and patient safety. It also makes sense when we consider the responsibilities of each discipline. As indicated, QC focuses on the product so their responsibilities can include, but are not limited to, batch inspection, product sampling, validation testing, and laboratory testing. QA focuses on the processes so their responsibilities can include, but are not limited to, documentation system management, audits, supplier management, personnel training, change control, and investigation procedures. Another way to look at the difference is the QA department manages the quality management system of the organization by ensuring the standard operating procedures (SOPs) are appropriately initiated, changed, or made obsolete using the change-control procedure, and QC provides the information that is included in the SOPs that are used to generate the product test results. QA and QC should work together from their different perspectives to ensure that products not meeting their safety and efficacy standards are not released to patients. The issues uncovered by QC through testing should prompt a QA review. An example of this synergistic relationship would be repeat non-conforming test results on a raw material leads to a corrective and preventive action (CAPA) investigation that determines the root cause of quality issues is due to a material change made but not reported by the supplier. QA would then use the information generated by QC to update processes and supplier oversight to prevent the problem from recurring in the future. This independent but complementary relationship between QA and QC is critical to be sure the product reaching patients is safe and effective. The best relationship between QA and QC is one in which QC informs QA of issues and QA uses the information to initiate continuous process improvements to the manufacturing procedures. Because QA and QC aren’t optional and it’s impossible to say which is more valuable to an organization, it is important to make sure these two distinct and important departments work together.

Q. Should the QA department be responsible for all training?

A. No. QA should be responsible for making sure training is conducted and documented and all employees are current in the expectations defined by the training program, but it is not realistic to assume QA can conduct all the training needed in an organization. QA might conduct some training, such as annual training on good manufacturing practices, data integrity, etc., but they would not have the expertise to train QC personnel on how to conduct laboratory tests.

Again, this is a great opportunity for the two departments to complement each other by working together to find the most suitable training programs for employees to attend when in-house training is not feasible.

It is important for QA and QC to work together to ensure a holistic and comprehensive approach to the overall health of the company’s quality culture.


Volume 45, Number 12
December 2021
Page: 50, 49

When referring to this article, please cite it as S. Schniepp, “Frequently Asked Questions About Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance,” 

Articles

Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates, answers some commonly asked questions about the difference between the roles of quality assurance and quality control.

Frequently Asked Questions About Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance

A. Aseptic processing is a manufacturing method that can produce product that is absent of bacteria without subjecting the product to terminal sterilization processes. Many products degrade and become ineffective when subjected to the harsh conditions of terminal sterilization. Aseptic process manufacturing allows these products to be produced in a sterile environment, allowing them to maintain their effectiveness while being safe to inject into patients.

Q. What is the difference between aseptic processing and terminal sterilization?

A. The major difference between aseptic processing and terminal sterilization is when the sterilization step occurs in the process. In terminal sterilization, the sterilization is performed after the API, excipients, containers, and stoppers have been assembled. The assembled product is then subjected to high heat and/or radiation that renders the final product sterile. Terminal sterilization processes are harsh and can have negative effects on the efficacy of the product. For products that can’t withstand terminal sterilization, manufacturers employ aseptic manufacturing. The aseptic manufacturing process requires the drug product and any excipients, the container, and the stoppers to be individually sterilized before being introduced into the cleanroom or sterile manufacturing core where the final product is manufactured in a highly controlled environment constantly monitored for air quality and potential microbial ingress.

Q. Why must manufacturers establish environmental controls for aseptic processes?

A. Let’s be clear, all drug manufacturing, including solid oral dosage form and terminal sterilization manufacturing are required to have established environmental controls. This requirement is addressed in global current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs). The purpose of these controls is to prevent product contamination due to insanitary conditions. The environmental controls to be monitored include, but are not necessarily limited to, air quality including particulate matter, ventilation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, and microbial contamination. The environmental control limits are, as expected, stricter for aseptic processing manufacturers due to the nature of their business.

Q. What does PUPSIT stand for, and why is it required?

A. PUPSIT is a term used in aseptic processing operations, and it stands for pre-use post-sterilization integrity testing. This testing is performed on the sterilizing filter after it is installed before product manufacturing and then again after the product manufacturing is completed. The purpose of the pre-test is to ensure that the sterilization and installation process has not damaged your filter prior to the filtration of your product. The purpose of the post-test is to demonstrate that the filter remained intact and undamaged during the actual filtration of the product.

An article published by the Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) states, “Since 1998, the EU Guidelines to Good Manufacturing Practice: Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use, Annex 1 (Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products) or ‘Annex 1’ has contained the requirement for verifying the integrity of a sterilizing grade filter before use and after its sterilization. The requirement remained in the 2008 revision and in the 2017 draft revision to Annex 1. While not a requirement by the U.S. FDA, EMA inspectors and some PIC/S inspectors have been increasingly expressing expectations for companies to employ this testing procedure” (1). The article goes on to explain the concerns that led to the PUPSIT requirement: “Concerns have been raised that a sterilizing filter could develop certain flaws that would allow microbiological contamination to pass during filtration. The key is that flaws may be blocked or clogged by fluid contaminants or components during the filtration process and remain undiscovered during post-use integrity test. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as ‘filter flaw masking’” (1).

Additionally, the article explores the rational for not employing PUPSIT because of the concern “that the contamination/product deterioration risk associated with performing PUPSIT may greatly outweigh the risk of product contamination as a result of the masking effect. To test a filter that has been sterilized by current means, the sterile filtrate side of the sterilized filter must be under atmospheric pressure, requiring a fluid pathway to remove any wetting agent. The exposure of the downstream portions of the sterile product transport line poses a risk to maintaining the sterility of the filtered product. This, along with other risks, including additional interventions in the aseptic space, increased complexity of the filtration system, execution of this additional tests, failure of PUPSIT assembly components and stress on sterilized filter to perform the test, is greater than the remote likelihood of microbiological contamination from a flaw which can be masked during use of the filter that is not detected afterwards” (1).

As indicated above, the PUPSIT concept is actively being debated. The best way to address the use/non-use of PUPSIT in your organization is to make sure you have an appropriate risk assessment in place defending your position.

Q. What makes aseptic drug manufacturing so challenging?

A. Aseptic manufacturing requires highly trained and experienced people to carry out the operations, special equipment, and cleaning procedures, and constant environmental monitoring even when the manufacturing area is not in use. The risk to the product and the patients is significant if the aseptic process is compromised.

1. T. Morris et al., “PUPSIT and the Annex 1 Revision,” 

Susan J. Schniepp is distinguished fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates.


Volume 45, Number 10
October 2021
Pages: 58, 57

When referring to this article, please site it as S. Schniepp, "The Basics of Aseptic Processing, 

Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates, answers some commonly asked questions about aseptic processing.

The Basics of Aseptic Processing

Q: Do I have to follow traditional pharma rules when I investigate deviations for my emerging therapy? 

A: There is really no process difference when performing deviation investigations for traditional pharmaceutical products versus biotech products versus advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). The purpose of performing an investigation into a deviation is to determine why the deviation happened and what its impact was on the product quality. To determine the impact of the deviation on the product quality, it is important to determine the root cause of the deviation. 

The process used in the industry to determine root cause is, of course, the investigation procedure. This procedure, regardless of the type of product you are manufacturing, should require the investigator to review various systems and determine whether they were the cause of the deviation under investigation.

It is important to remember when performing an investigation to keep the following few general rules in mind:

One size does not fit all. Simple errors require simple corrections, while serious deviations require broader investigations.

The complexity of the investigation is related not only to the seriousness of the incident but also to the myriad of factors that could influence the outcome.

If you follow your investigation procedure and thoroughly document your results, you should have an acceptable investigation regardless of whether you are manufacturing a traditional product or a biotech product.

Volume 4 for ATMPs (1) supports this concept by stating, “As long as the specifications for the finished product are met, a QP [Qualified Person] may confirm compliance/certify a batch where an unexpected deviation related to the manufacturing process and/or the analytical control methods has occurred provided that: (i) there is an in-depth assessment of the impact of the deviation which supports a conclusion that the occurrence does not have a negative effect on quality, safety or efficacy of the product, and (ii) the need for inclusion of the affected batch/batches in the on-going stability programme has been evaluated, where appropriate.”

Q: I need to get my product to the patient before the traditional test for sterility is concluded. This requires me to release product at risk. Is there any way to avoid this?

A: The global regulatory authorities are aware that the ATMP manufacturers face this and similar situations, and rather than have you release your product at risk, they have offered guidance that not only recognizes this situation but offers solutions to alleviate it.

The European Union states, “[a]pplication of the sterility test to the finished product (

] 2.6.1) may not always be possible due to the scarcity of materials available, or it may not be possible to wait for the final result before the product is released due to short shelf-life or medical need. In these cases, the strategy regarding sterility assurance has to be adapted” (1).

In a 2020 Guidance for Industry, FDA recognizes that traditional analytical methodology may not be suitable for this product category stating, “Analytical procedures different than those outlined in the 

 (CFR) may be acceptable under IND [investigational new drug] if sponsors provide adequate information on test specificity, sensitivity, and robustness” (2). This guidance goes on to recognize the limitations of the traditional sterility test stating, “We recognize that the compendial sterility tests (

 <71>; 610.12) may not be suitable for all products (e.g., those with limited shelf life),” and “rapid sterility tests may be acceptable for ex vivo genetically modified cells administered fresh or with limited hold time between final formulation and patient administration” (2).

 both recognize rapid sterility in their respective publications. Chapter 2.6.27 of 

, titled Microbiological Examination of Cell-Based Preparations, allows for the use of automated growth-based methods or alternative methods such as a combination of direct detection by alternative methods or other methods based on the harmonized sterility test. The 

 has a general Information Chapter <1071> titled Rapid Microbial Tests for Release of Sterile Short-Life Products: A Risk-Based Approach. All of this information supports the concept that ATMPs are different and offer unique challenges regarding sterility. This recognition allows you to pursue options for demonstrating sterility including the use of rapid microbiological/sterility testing equipment.

The best way to proceed forward in getting approval for rapid techniques is to make sure you have performed the proper installation qualification/operational qualification and performance qualification on the equipment and have demonstrated its suitability for use with a complete validation package. In case there is an equipment failure, you should have backup methodologies identified as part of your quality risk management plans. The final word of advice is to make sure you and your organization have a robust, well-documented quality risk management plan that is in line with the concepts set forth in International Council for Harmonisation Q9 

EudraLex, The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union, Volume 4, Good Manufacturing Practice, Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practice to Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products 

Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigations New Drug Applications (INDs), Guidance for Industry


Vol. 45, No. 8
August 2021
Pages: 58, 57

When referring to this article, please cite it as S. Schniepp and S. Lynn, "GMPs for Emerging Therapies," 

Experts Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow for Regulatory Compliance Associates, and Steven J. Lynn, executive vice-president, Pharmaceuticals for Regulatory Compliance Associates, provide answers to frequently asked regulatory questions about advanced therapy medicinal products.

GMPs for Emerging Therapies

Q: What’s the difference between an IND, NDA, ANDA, and a BLA?

A: Companies need to get approval from FDA to market a new drug in the United States by submitting either a New Drug Application (NDA) or a Biologics License Application (BLA). An Investigational New Drug Application (IND) allows a new drug that is being researched for potential medicinal use as part of a clinical trial to be shipped across state lines without marketing approval. The information contained in an IND application will become part of the NDA when the clinical trials are complete and the drug is ready to be reviewed and approved for use in the general population. The Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) is used when a pharmaceutical product’s patent has expired and another company wants to enter into the market with a generic version of the drug product. The BLA is used when seeking approval for products such as vaccines, blood and blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, and recombinant therapeutic proteins.

Regardless of the regulatory filing category, the company must prove that the drug product is safe and effective for the proposed use, the benefits of taking the drug outweigh the risks (side effects) associated with the drug, the product labeling contains the necessary information about the drug (dosage strength, storage conditions, lot number, expiry date, etc.), and the manufacturing methods used produce products with the proper identity, strength, quality, and purity (1–4).

Q: What’s a regulatory filing in Europe called?

A: The regulatory filing in the European Union (EU) is called a Marketing Authorization. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is responsible for approving regulatory filings before medicines can be marketed in the EU. EMA has three procedures for gaining approval: the centralized procedure, the decentralized procedure, and the mutual-recognition procedure. In the centralized procedure, pharmaceutical companies submit their regulatory filing to EMA. The use of the centralized procedure is required for most innovative medicines, including those indicated for rare diseases. Because many of the pharmaceuticals authorized for use in the EU did not receive a marketing authorization at the time of application, they are out of scope for the centralized procedure, so companies gain approval to market their products through the decentralized procedure or the mutual recognition procedure. Regardless of the regulatory filing process used, the company must prove that the drug product is safe and effective for the proposed use, the benefits of taking the drug outweigh the risks (side effects) associated with the drug, the product labeling contains the necessary information about the drug (dosage strength, storage conditions, lot number, expiry date, etc.), and the manufacturing methods used produce products with the proper identity, strength, quality, and purity (5).

Q: What is a refusal-to-file notification?

A: Companies can occasionally provide insufficient data supporting their NDA or BLA filing. When this happens, FDA will issue a refusal-to-file letter with the company (6). There are many reasons FDA may issue a refusal-to-file letter. These include, but are not limited to:

Inadequate chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) data resulting from formulation issues

Procedural (i.e., missing or incorrect use of the official FDA forms, electronic submission rules not followed, patent certification is inadequate, etc.)

Failure to submit environmental assessment

Failure to provide accurate and complete English translations for parts of application not in English

The drug product that is the subject of the submission is already covered by an approved application on file and the applicant of the submission either has an approved application for the same drug product or is merely a distributor and/or re-packager of the already approved drug product.

The application is submitted as a 505(b)(2) application for a drug that is a duplicate of a listed drug and eligible for approval under section 505(j).

Q: How does following the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) help me with my global filing requirements?

A: ICH (www.ICH.org) was founded in 1990 with the mission of bringing together regulatory authorities from around the world to see if they could reach agreements on what the best industry practices are for pharmaceutical products. They have created internationally recognized guidelines for quality, safety, and efficacy requirements and other topics categorized as multidisciplinary. The founding members of ICH included the European Commission, FDA, and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare/Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. The list of guidelines produced by ICH is impressive and covers the critical elements a company should include when considering applications to manufacture and produce a new drug. Following the recommendations of ICH can only improve your chances of having a smooth filing and approval process globally.

FDA, “Biologics License Application (BLA) Process (CBER),” 

FDA, “Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) Forms and Submission Requirements,” 

FDA, “Investigational New Drug (IND) Application,” 

Guidance for Industry, Refuse to File: NDA and BLA Submissions to CDER

When referring to this article, please cite it as S. Schniepp, “The Facts About Filing Drug Applications, 

Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates, answers some commonly asked questions about regulatory filings.

The Facts About Filing Drug Applications

Q. What is a deviation and do all deviations need to be investigated?

A. A deviation is when there is a failure to follow the instructions guiding the performance of how an activity should be executed for optimal results. Simply put, deviations result from people not following their standard operating procedures (SOP), work instructions, batch record instructions, or other documents that explain what needs to be done in performing certain functions or tasks. Deviations relate to non-compliance and are a serious issue. While not all deviations are equal in their impact on product and quality, all should be investigated.

A. In our opinion, there is no such thing as a planned deviation. Planned deviations were supposed to justify changes from SOPs that would be utilized to carry out the operation over a certain period of time. The current thinking by regulatory authorities is there is no such thing as a planned deviation. During a breakfast session at the 2018 PDA/FDA Joint Regulatory Conference, a representative from the FDA stated, “it’s a very strange term, and it kind of makes your skin crawl a little bit” (1). If you need to make a change to a procedure for a short period of time, we suggest you use the change control system to document the change. This may seem like a picky point, but until the change is evaluated for its impact on the process validation requirements and formally documented in a change control, encouraging the deviation’s continued use is supporting a posture of non-compliance.

Q. What’s the best process for investigating deviations?

A. There is no single best process for investigating deviations. The ultimate goal of deviation investigations is to determine why something went wrong, what caused it to go wrong, and how to address the issue and prevent its recurrence. To achieve successful resolution of deviations, keep the following general considerations in mind:

A one-size investigation doesn’t fit all situations. Simple errors require simple documentation while more serious deviations require broader investigations.

The best tool to have is inquisitiveness. Ask yourself how far this deviation could extend.

Widen your perspective. Look for ways to relate, not separate, similar issues.

Human error is rarely a sufficient root cause.

Always verify information or your instincts and never assume you are correct without proper data to support your instincts.

Q. Why is human error not an acceptable finding for deviations?

A. The overuse of human error as a root cause to a deviation represents lost opportunities to reduce future issues by masking the identity of the true root cause. Herein is the human error in Human Error. The question that needs to be asked during the initial investigation into a deviation is what caused the employee to make the human error? Asking this question early in the investigation leads to better root cause identification and opportunities for continued improvement.

Let’s look at an example that might help clarify why human error can mask the real root cause of a deviation. Suppose, for example, you have a second shift manufacturing operator who continually forgets to sign a step in the batch record for a specific product. This operator is the only one who seems to have this issue. Your initial investigation into the first occurrence of the issue determines a root cause of human error. Because the operator works on the second shift, it is inconvenient to interview him directly, so you rely on the word of his supervisor that this was just a case of human error. You decide to retrain the operator on the proper use of filling out the form and skip the operator interview in order to complete the investigation and perform the retraining in the allotted 30-day time frame. This scenario repeats itself 10 times over the course of four months. You finally decide to interview the operator directly. When you talk to the operator, he informs you that in order to sign the batch record when it needs to be signed, he needs to exit the aseptic core, degown, sign the batch record, and regown, leaving the product unattended during that time. The operator tells you he chose to stay with the product and sign the batch record later but sometimes forgot after the manufacturing run. In this simple exchange with the operator, you realize that the root cause of the repeat deviation is not a result of human error but a result of poor process flow.

Q. How much time should I allow for a deviation to be investigated?

A. The length of time it takes to complete an investigation depends on the complexity of the investigation. Simple deviations can be completed in a short time frame, but more involved deviations will take longer to complete. We recommend you set a time frame that is reasonable for your organization. For example, you might indicate that deviations will be investigated and completed between 30–60 days after the deviation was documented. This gives you some flexibility.

Q. Are out-of-specification (OOS) results considered deviations?

A. No. OOS results need to be investigated separately and quickly due to the potential impact to the product. If the root cause of the OOS cannot be attributed to laboratory error, you should initiate a deviation/investigation to determine what happened during product manufacturing that attributed to the erroneous laboratory result.

1.  B. Cox, FDA Compliance Experts Advise Against Treating Minor Changes as ‘Planned Deviations’, Pink Sheet, Oct. 5, 2018.

When referring to this article, please cite it as S. Lynn and S. Schniepp, “Frequently Asked Questions on Deviations,” 

Experts Steven J. Lynn, executive vice-president, Pharmaceuticals for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc., and Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc., provide simple answers to frequently asked questions regarding deviation investigations.

Frequently Asked Questions on Deviations

Experts Steven J. Lynn, executive vice-president, Pharmaceuticals for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc., and Susan J. Schniepp, distinguished fellow for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc., provide simple answers to frequently asked questions regarding regulatory inspections, although many of the concepts can be applied to internal and supplier audits as well.

Q. What documentation should I have ready to present to the inspectors?

A. There are a number of documents and supporting evidence that can be staged prior to an inspection whether it is in-person or is being handled remotely. The objective is to make the inspection process go smoothly for both parties. At a minimum, there should be a list of all current standard operating procedures (SOPs) provided to the auditor so they can choose the specific ones they are interested in reviewing, a listing of customer complaints for the past two years, a list of current closed and open deviations and corrective and preventive actions (CAPAs) for the past two years and the site’s quality manual, the current organizational charts, a copy of the employee training program, and a map of the facility. In addition, it is advisable to have a short introductory presentation (5–10 minutes) that describes the facility, the products produced, and the operating hours of the facility. This information can be provided up front for the inspectors.

Q.How long should an inspection/audit take?

A. There is really no specific time frame defined for an audit. Typically, supplier and internal audits should take between one to two days and a regulatory inspection typically takes three to four days. Any inspection/audit can be extended depending on what the auditors/inspectors observe during the inspection. If things go well, the inspection will be completed quickly. If problems arise, the auditors may wish to extend the inspection and pursue the issue. This time frame is consistent whether the audit is done in-person or remotely.

Q. Do I need to make copies of everything the inspectors request?

A. In organizing for an inspection, it is advisable to track all documentation provided to the inspector. This is an important activity whether the inspection is performed in-person or remotely. The inspection tends to run more smoothly when both parties are looking at and discussing the same documents. Whatever documentation is provided and kept by the inspector, it is advisable that the hosting site keep a record of the documentation being provided so they can refer to the specific document when responding to any observations associated with that documentation. Basically, the hosting site needs to have an accurate log, so they are able to recreate the audit activities after the inspector leaves. This is especially important when responding to the audit observation because it eliminates any questions about which document/information was discussed. Audits are fast paced, and anything that helps people remember what was discussed benefits the ability to understand and respond to any observations associated with the documentation that was reviewed.

Q. How much time do I have to answer a question after the inspector asks it?

A. There really isn’t a defined time frame to answer the questions. Questions that can be answered immediately should be answered immediately. Questions that need a little more investigation or clarification before answering should be responded to in a timely manner.

Let’s look at an example. If the inspector is reviewing a technical document, they may ask to see a previous version of the document. If this document is stored off site, then it may take a day or two to retrieve it. This is acceptable as long as you inform the inspector why there is a delay in providing the requested information. Bottom line, all questions and documentation should be answered as soon as possible, and if there is a delay, it is important to be transparent with the inspector and explain the reason for the delay.

Q. If an inspector makes an observation, do I need to have a corrective action in place before the inspection ends?

A. No, there is no reason to have a corrective action in place before the inspection ends. In some cases, the observation may be easily corrected, so it might be possible to have the corrective action in place before the conclusion of the inspection, and if the correction is acceptable to the inspector, it may actually help remove that observation from the final inspection report. Having said that, the best advice is to wait until the inspection is completed before you implement any corrective action so you can be sure the action is appropriate for the observation and you have had time to make sure related documentation and activities have also been updated in relation to the observation. 

Steven J. Lynn is executive vice-president, Pharmaceuticals for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc., and Susan J. Schniepp is distinguished fellow for Regulatory Compliance Associates, Inc.

When referring to this article, please cite it as S. J. Lynn and S.J. Schniepp, “Frequently Asked Questions on Regulatory Inspections,” 